"Where is everyone?". This simple yet deeply profound existential question was asked by the renowned Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi one day at lunch with colleagues. He was referring of course to aliens. More specifically he was asking why humans have not yet discovered evidence of extraterrestrial life outside of Earth given the fact we've been observing and studying the universe and searching for signs of alien civilizations for so long, yet have we still have found no evidence of their existence. Given the age of the universe at 13.8 billion years old, that is more than enough time for many [READ MORE]

Evolution holds on to successful guesses. This is why life is inevitable in the universe. The improbability of life developing independently in the universe is "not zero". And though circular logic, we and every other living thing on this planet are living proof that life is possible in the universe (and even more so when you consider how un-special our planet is). It would be an extremely arrogant fallacy to assume we're the only planet with life, or even the only planet with intelligent life. Is it possible we’re the only planet with life in the universe? Sure. But it’s [READ MORE]

Throughout the universe there exists massive voids, billions of light years across, where no or very few galaxies exist. Voids could be evidence of a giant technologically advanced species (most probably machines themselves) that built not Dyson Spheres, but giant galaxy sized brains/computers. (Matrioshka Brain) This makes it possible to avoid the "waste heat" problem by capturing the waste heat and reusing it, essentially making the stars/galaxies invisible. Which would appear to us as a void. This is a hypothesis of course, and a very speculative one at that. The waste heat problem seems like a big problem, until you [READ MORE]

If intelligent aliens ever visit earth, odds are they won’t be biological. Intelligent, technologically advanced aliens capable of interstellar travel, whether via generation ships (spaceships that travel for hundreds, thousands or tens of thousands of years; i.e. many generations; hence the term “generation ships”), or by teleportation, wormhole, hyperspace, or some other FTL (faster than light) travel, will not be biological. For long. We assume mistakenly, that if intelligent aliens ever visit earth, that they will be biological, possibly humanoid, bipedal, anthropomorphic. I hypothesize that they will not be biological at all. And...I may have just figured out that Fermi [READ MORE]

Look, I know it's speculation, but, we are not alone in the universe. We can't say 100% for sure yet because we have not discovered life outside of earth, yet. However, we don't need 100% certainty to hypothesize accurately with a high statistical probability of being correct, that life is not just common throughout the universe, but moreover, statistics suggest it's inevitable. I wrote a hypothesis a while back called "The Inevitable Life Argument" which posits that given the scientific knowledge we have now about ourselves, our solar system, the galaxy, physics, chemistry, biology, evolution, time and space, that we [READ MORE]

Most alien civilizations probably destroy themselves. The Great Filter is probably technology combined with aggression and greed. It's likely we will also destroy ourselves before we reach evolutionary maturity. Uniting humans as a species may not be possible without some clear and present immediate existential danger. There are too many different religions, governments, political parties, cultural and societal barriers which prevent unification. Humans are not equally educated and hold numerous belief systems which are contrary to species level unification. As long as political parties, money, and theistic religions exist, humans will likely never unite as one species. Nuclear weapons can [READ MORE]